The severest forms of trauma can be inflicted deliberately.
Dose-Response Relationship: “the higher the “dose” of trauma, the more potentially damaging it’s effects.” “The closer you are to the sniper the more you are affected.”
It’s not just the sheer amount of trauma that contributes to the severity of effects. the type and context of the trauma are also extremely important factors. … the effects are likely to be most severe if the trauma is man-made, repeated, unpredictable, multifaceted, inflicted with sadistic or malevolent intent, undergone in childhood and perpetrated by a caregiver.
Psychologically, the bottom line of trauma is overwhelming emotion and a feeling of utter helplessness. there may or may not be bodily injury, but psychological trauma is coupled with physiological upheaval that plays a leading role in the long-range effects…. I think many people suffer unnecessarily from minimizing the seriousness of what they have undergone ...no matter how bad it was, it could always have been worse.
The secure base provides a feeling of security. [in childhood]
secure attachment is the antidote for trauma. … Ideally, a secure attachment and a secure base are provided by the caregiving -- first in the mother-infant relationship and later in other relationships. … from the perspective of attachment theory, the worst possible trauma occurs in relation to the primary caregiver, typically the mother.
… trauma in adulthood disrupts attachment. In adulthood a single traumatic experience (assault, accident, natural disaster) can shake our sense of security to the core…. any traumatic experience can shatter the most secure base and rock the foundations of basic trust. Naturally the more solid our foundation in secure attachment, the more resilient we will be to disruptions.
Trauma evokes the flight - or- fight response, which entails massive physiological arousal association with sympathetic nervous system activation.
Just as trauma disrupts the secure base and basic trust, it also disrupts physiological regulation. there is often a kind of “double whammy” here: the traumatic experience generates hyperarousal (fear, panic, pain), and the individual is often abandoned or neglected after being injured and aroused. there is arousal beyond normal bounds and there is a lack of soothing or comforting. This uncontrollable arousal is especially problematic when the primary caregiver is abusive or when the trauma is hidden and kept secret, precluding restorative comforting. … Even when trauma occurs in adulthood, secure attachments may not be easy to re-establish. Traumatic experiences in adulthood (assault, rape, spouse abuse) can profoundly undermine the foundations laid in childhood.
Anxiety and depression are close cousins. … often occur together. Anxiety entails a state of high arousal - feeling agitated or distress, upset. Whereas anxiety is an example of high negative emotion, depression is a state of low positive emotion- the absence of excitement or pleasure, a general disengagement from the world. .. Anxiety is often followed by depression. Chronic stress tends to drive the nervous system into depression. Anxiety is a state of readiness to cope (take flight), whereas depression is a state of giving up the attempt to cope. - in effect a kind of collapse. Anxiety has been associated with feeling helpless - not knowing what to do, or which way to turn. Depression can be characterized as a state of hopelessness - a sense that nothing can be done, that no effective action can be taken.
… understand depression in terms of learned helplessness. … helplessness goes with the sense that events are uncontrollable. … helplessness is associated with anxiety. But prolonged helplessness can also eventual in depression. … when escape is no longer possible [in experimental conditions] 2/3rds of the dogs developed learned helplessness. They gave up trying to cope. Learned helplessness is akin to depression.. The essence of both is “the belief that action is futile.” Depression can render you unable to learn; even when the situation is no longer aversive or dangerous, you continue to respond as if it were.
… depression has been described as an inborn”conservation-withdrawal reaction” that serves to shut down arousal to avert excessive stress to the organism associated with prolonged agitation…. most psychological triggers for depression can be boiled down to two categories: loss and failure. the grief response associated with loss is nearly universal, and the symptoms of grief overlap those of depression. In depression associated with loss, the individual commonly feels alone, abandoned, unwanted, deprived, and unlovable. In depression associated with failure to achieve some highly wanted goal, the individual feels inadequate or incompetent. It is easy to see why low self-esteem goes with depression, whether depression is associated with low loss (and feeling unlovable) or failure (and feeling inadequate). Of course the two themes often run together.
It is not surprising that traumatic experiences and maltreatment and neglect in relationships with caregivers in particular, are associated with depression. If Seligman’s theory is correct, prolonged traumatic experience almost assuredly leads to depression. .. the depressed patient believes or has learned that he cannot control those elements in his life that relieve suffering, bring gratification or provide nurture. Consider the effects of repeatedly being injured and then left alone - repeat abandonment and continual loss. … depression is also likely to be connected with a sense of failure … often blame themselves. failings and inadequacies. Accordingly depression is compounded by feelings of shame and guilt.
Establish Emotional Control
our natural emotional responses can be overwhelming when evoked by trauma.
Learning to tolerate painful emotions is extremely important. … you must be able to keep them within some reasonable bounds.
Among the most important condition for the well-being of self is self-agency- a sense of self mastery and control. … the most profound experience of helplessness, however, is associated with deliberate cruelty.
self-concept is reflected in your self-esteem. … we may be inclined to minimize the impact of verbal abuse. We should not.
Self destructiveness
traumatic experience may lead to self-loathing, and many individual inflict punishment on themselves out of self-hatred. self -directed aggression feels safer because it can be controlled and hidden. In addition individuals who have been mistreated are prone to take on the characteristics of those who have abused them; in effect they imitate their abusers by abusing themselves. … eating disorders [neglecting one’s health]. self criticism can become so severe as to constitute self-inflicted verbal and emotional abuse, causing great suffering, eroding of self-confidence and confidence and driving the individual deeper into depression and despair.
Self-mutilation
cutting … form of self-destructive behavior If there is an overriding function for self-mutilation it is tension release. If there is an overriding trigger for self-mutilation, it is a feeling of abandonment, separation or rejection.
Suicide is often aimed at eliminating consciousness
traumatic experience is damaging to self-esteem. Self-loathing, shame and guilt all fuel depression. Imposed helplessness can become learned helplessness.
Caring For Yourself
taking care of yourself involved valuing yourself [with] self-blame or hatred taking care of yourself will go against the grain.
“Trauma survivors do not simply get over their experience. It is permanently encoded in their assumptive world; the legacy of traumatic life events is some degree of disillusionment. from the perspective of their inner worlds, victims recover not when they return to their prior assumptive world but when they reestablish an integrated, comfortable assumptive world that incorporates their traumatic experience."
No comments:
Post a Comment